During the reign of Edward I, royal power became more consolidated. In architecture, the massive Norman style gave way to the lighter English Gothic style (e.g., Westminster Abbey), though some buildings displayed a transitional style between the two (such as Cistercian structures in Yorkshire).
Before the Norman Conquest, the Anglo-Saxon society had not yet developed a feudal system and primarily engaged in pastoralism. Thus, the Normans—led by William the Conqueror—easily subdued the relatively weak population.
Rome: The First Rome
Christ entrusted his disciples with a mission: to make disciples of all nations. In a short time, the disciples spread Christ's teachings throughout the Roman Empire, eventually reaching its capital. It was here that two pillar apostles, Peter and Paul, suffered martyrdom.
The history of European art places humanity at its center. In the hierarchical world order that replaced the anthropomorphic worldview of antiquity, the depiction of human figures emphasized distinguishing traits rather than individuality. The aim was to indicate the position of the depicted figure within the hierarchy.
Russian communism is both an international phenomenon with global influence and a uniquely Russian, national formation shaped by Russian history. Russian history has always been a battleground for Eastern and Western elements, resulting in the contradictions within the Russian soul. The Russian national psyche is a product of the Orthodox Church,...
The Book of Ecclesiastes is one of the most challenging reads in the Bible. Its genre is a blend of wisdom literature and poetry. Its structure is built on recurring phrases: "I saw," "vanity," "to eat, drink, rejoice, take joy in life, do good." In essence, it describes a journey: I tried everything, found it all to be meaningless, and...
