English

The early modern aristocracy was characterized by ostentatious expenditures. On the one hand, they had to live in a manner befitting their dignity, while on the other, they were expected to act as noble hosts, leading lives that bolstered their prestige and flaunted their wealth. An earl was expected to maintain a large castle, several smaller...

The first children were born 10 to 18 months after the wedding. Conception before marriage was rare; if 3–4 years passed between the wedding and baptism, it indicated sexual problems or miscarriages. After the first child, others followed every two years until the woman reached forty or one of the spouses died. This meant 8–9 births over 20 years...

The structure of a 17th-century peasant house depended on financial circumstances, geographical conditions, soil type, climate, and local traditions. Houses were built from stone or adobe, with simple wooden frameworks and roofs made of thatch or straw. They typically had one square or rectangular room, with a stable at the end of the house....

The tendency towards luxury and opulence manifested not only in the construction of urban palaces and rural estates but also transformed the lifestyle of the European upper class. Expensive carriages appeared in the streets. The interior design of homes became more refined, with silk wallpapers, tapestries, carpets, intricately crafted furniture,...

The Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses drained England. The reign of Henry VII finally brought peace.

The daily life of 14th-century England is vividly depicted by contemporary poets like Chaucer and William Langland. Clothing became more elaborate and extravagant. Coats had sleeves adorned with buttons from the elbow to the wrist. These were no longer tucked into trousers, and richly decorated belts were worn low, from the waist to the hips....

During the reign of Edward I, royal power became more consolidated. In architecture, the massive Norman style gave way to the lighter English Gothic style (e.g., Westminster Abbey), though some buildings displayed a transitional style between the two (such as Cistercian structures in Yorkshire).

Before the Norman Conquest, the Anglo-Saxon society had not yet developed a feudal system and primarily engaged in pastoralism. Thus, the Normans—led by William the Conqueror—easily subdued the relatively weak population.

Rome: The First Rome
Christ entrusted his disciples with a mission: to make disciples of all nations. In a short time, the disciples spread Christ's teachings throughout the Roman Empire, eventually reaching its capital. It was here that two pillar apostles, Peter and Paul, suffered martyrdom.