English

The structure of a 17th-century peasant house depended on financial circumstances, geographical conditions, soil type, climate, and local traditions. Houses were built from stone or adobe, with simple wooden frameworks and roofs made of thatch or straw. They typically had one square or rectangular room, with a stable at the end of the house....

The tendency towards luxury and opulence manifested not only in the construction of urban palaces and rural estates but also transformed the lifestyle of the European upper class. Expensive carriages appeared in the streets. The interior design of homes became more refined, with silk wallpapers, tapestries, carpets, intricately crafted furniture,...

The Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses drained England. The reign of Henry VII finally brought peace.

The daily life of 14th-century England is vividly depicted by contemporary poets like Chaucer and William Langland. Clothing became more elaborate and extravagant. Coats had sleeves adorned with buttons from the elbow to the wrist. These were no longer tucked into trousers, and richly decorated belts were worn low, from the waist to the hips....

During the reign of Edward I, royal power became more consolidated. In architecture, the massive Norman style gave way to the lighter English Gothic style (e.g., Westminster Abbey), though some buildings displayed a transitional style between the two (such as Cistercian structures in Yorkshire).

Before the Norman Conquest, the Anglo-Saxon society had not yet developed a feudal system and primarily engaged in pastoralism. Thus, the Normans—led by William the Conqueror—easily subdued the relatively weak population.

Rome: The First Rome
Christ entrusted his disciples with a mission: to make disciples of all nations. In a short time, the disciples spread Christ's teachings throughout the Roman Empire, eventually reaching its capital. It was here that two pillar apostles, Peter and Paul, suffered martyrdom.

The history of European art places humanity at its center. In the hierarchical world order that replaced the anthropomorphic worldview of antiquity, the depiction of human figures emphasized distinguishing traits rather than individuality. The aim was to indicate the position of the depicted figure within the hierarchy.

Russian communism is both an international phenomenon with global influence and a uniquely Russian, national formation shaped by Russian history. Russian history has always been a battleground for Eastern and Western elements, resulting in the contradictions within the Russian soul. The Russian national psyche is a product of the Orthodox Church,...